Formulation of Phytase-Based Encapsulated Synbiotics for Enhancement Phosphorous in Poultry Feed
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34145/agriekstensia.v24i1.3745Keywords:
synbiotic, lactic acid bacteria, phytase, encapsulation, rice bran, poultry feedAbstract
This study aimed to optimize the utilization of rice bran as poultry feed through the development of a synbiotic containing lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus) capable of producing the enzyme phytase. Although rice bran contains a high amount of phosphorus, most of it is bound in the form of phytic acid, which is poorly digested by poultry. Therefore, the ability of P. pentosaceus to hydrolyze phytate in rice bran was evaluated through a fermentation process, indicated by an increase in free phosphorus levels. Subsequently, the synbiotic formulation was encapsulated using the extrusion method with natural coating materials, sodium alginate and chitosan. In-vitro viability tests were conducted under simulated gastrointestinal conditions at pH 2.0 and 7.2, with incubation times of 1 to 3 hours at 37°C, and varying chitosan concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The results showed that P. pentosaceus effectively hydrolyzed phytic acid, as indicated by an 18% increase in phosphorus after 72 hours of incubation. Moreover, encapsulation using 3% chitosan was the most effective in maintaining bacterial viability, reaching 25.33 log CFU/ml at pH 7.2 and 22.00 log CFU/ml at pH 2.0. This study concludes that encapsulated synbiotics have the potential to serve as functional feed to improve the efficiency of rice bran utilization in poultry.
Downloads
References
Ali, U., Saeed, M., Ahmad, Z., Shah, F. ul H., Rehman, M. A., Mehmood, T., Waseem, M., Hafeez, H., Azam, M., & Rahman, A. (2023). Stability and Survivability of Alginate Gum-Coated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions and Probiotic Juice Development. Journal of Food Quality, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3660968.
Brooks, G. F., Butel, J. S., & Morse, S. A. (2008). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran (Medical microbiology). In Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th ed., pp. 65–73). Salemba Medika.
Calinoiu, L. F., Ştefanescu, B. E., Pop, I. D., Muntean, L., & Vodnar, D. C. (2019). Chitosan coating applications in probiotic microencapsulation. Coatings, 9(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/COATINGS9030194.
da Silva, P. T., Fries, L. L. M., Menezes, C. R. de, Holkem, A. T., Schwan, C. L., Wigmann, É. F., Bastos, J. de O., & Silva, C. de B. da. (2014). Microencapsulation: concepts, mechanisms, methods and some applications in food technology. Ciência Rural, 44(7), 1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130971
Ding, X., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Xie, L., Liang, S., Li, D., Wang, Y., Wang, J., & Zhan, X. (2022). Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan-chitosan complex nanogels stabilized double emulsions incorporated into alginate hydrogel beads for the encapsulation, protection and delivery of probiotics. Carbohydrate Polymers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119438.
Gbassi, G. K., Vandamme, T., Ennahar, S., & Marchioni, E. (2009). Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum spp in an alginate matrix coated with whey proteins. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 129(1), 103–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.11.012.
Greiner, R., & Konietzny, U. (2006). Phytase for food application. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 44(2), 125–140.
Gupta, R. K., Gangoliya, S. S., & Singh, N. K. (2015). Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(2), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y.
Haddadin, M. S. Y., Haddadin, J., Arabiyat, O. I., & Hattar, B. (2009). Biological conversion of olive pomace into compost by using Trichoderma harzianum and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.047.
Kogut, M. H., & Arsenault, R. J. (2016). Editorial: Gut health: The new paradigm in food animal production. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 3(AUG), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00071.
Krasaekoopt, W., Bhandari, B., & Deeth, H. (2004). The influence of coating materials on some properties of alginate beads and survivability of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria. International Dairy Journal, 14(8), 737–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.01.004.
Lei, X., Porres, J., Mullaney, E., & Brinch-Pedersen, H. (2007). Phytase: Source, Structure and Application. In J. Polaina & A. P. MacCabe (Eds.), Industrial Enzymes: Structure, Function and Applications (2nd ed., Issue January, pp. 505–529).CABI. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5377-0_29.
Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., & Stahl, D. A. (2015). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. (Microbial Growth) (14th ed.). Pearson Education.
Mahmoud, M., Abdallah, N. A., El-Shafei, K., Tawfik, N. F., & El-Sayed, H. S. (2020). Survivability of alginate-microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum during storage, simulated food processing and gastrointestinal conditions. Heliyon, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03541.
Mandal, S., Puniya, A. K., & Singh, K. (2006). Effect of alginate concentrations on survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei NCDC-298. International Dairy Journal, 16(10), 1190–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.005.
Pourjafar, H., Mirzaei, H., Ghasemnezhad, R., & Homayouni, R. A. (2012). Study Of Morphological And Protective Characteristics Of Beads Obtained From Microencapsulation Of Lactobacillus Acidophilus Probiotic As A Predominant And Natural Flora In Human Gut. Annals of Military And Health Science Research, 9, 233–240.
Qin, X. S., Luo, Z. G., & Li, X. L. (2021). An enhanced pH-sensitive carrier based on alginate-Ca-EDTA in a set-type W1/O/W2 double emulsion model stabilized with WPI-EGCG covalent conjugates for probiotics colon-targeted release. Food Hydrocolloids, 113(June), 106460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106460.
Razavi, S., Janfaza, S., Tasnim, N., Gibson, D. L., & Hoorfar, M. (2021). Microencapsulating polymers for probiotics delivery systems: Preparation, characterization, and applications. Food Hydrocolloids, 120(April), 106882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106882.
Samtiya, M., Aluko, R. E., & Dhewa, T. (2020). Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 2(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-020-0020-5.
Santi, & Risal, M. (2021). Tingkat Kandungan Kalsium ( Ca ) dan Fosfor ( P ) dengan Penambahan Daun Pepaya ( Carica papaya L .) dalam Ransum yang Di Fermentasi. Jurnal Peternakan Lokal, 3(2), 59–65.
Shamekhi, F., Tamjid, E., & Khajeh, K. (2018). Development of chitosan coated calcium-alginate nanocapsules for oral delivery of liraglutide to diabetic patients. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.078.
Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker, A., & H., S. J. (2017). Chapter 2 - Microbial Growth Kinetics. In P. F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker, & S. J. H. (Eds.), Principles of Fermentation Technology (Third Edition) (Third Edit, pp. 21–74). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099953-1.00002-8.
Thinkohkaew, K., Jonjaroen, V., Niamsiri, N., Panya, A., Suppavorasatit, I., & Potiyaraj, P. (2024). Microencapsulation of probiotics in chitosan-coated alginate/gellan gum: Optimization for viability and stability enhancement. Food Hydrocolloids. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.109788.
Tripathi, M. K., & Giri, S. K. (2014). Probiotic functional foods: Survival of probiotics during processing and storage. Journal of Functional Foods, 9(1), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.030.
Wahyuni, S., Budinuryanto, D. C., Supratman, H., & Suliantari. (2011). Respon Broiler Terhadap Pemberian Ransum Mengandung Dedak Padi Fermentasi oleh Kapang Aspergillus ficuum (Response of Broiler Fed on Diet Containing Fermented Rice Bran by Aspergillus ficuum). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak, 1(10), 26–31.
Yanuartono, Y., Nururrozi, A., & Indarjulianto, S. (2016). Fitat dan fitase : dampak pada hewan ternak. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 26(3), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2016.026.03.09.
Yilmaz, M. T., Taylan, O., Karakas, C. Y., & Dertli, E. (2020). An alternative way to encapsulate probiotics within electrospun alginate nanofibers as monitored under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in kefir. Carbohydrate Polymers, 244(February), 116447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116447.
Yuanita, L., Puspita, A., Surodjo, S., Hidayati, S., Amin, F. Al, & Budiman, A. (2010). Isolasi, Pemurnian dan Karakterisasi Fitase Bacillus subtilis dari Holiwood Gresik. Berkala Penelitian Hayati, 15(2), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.15.2.20103.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ihza Agistna, Khairil Anwar, Muhamad Ali, Djoko Kisworo, Anwar Rosyidi, Budi Indarsih, Zaid Al Gifari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
